![]() ![]() ![]() May an employer override an individual’s self-identification of race, gender or ethnicity based on the employer’s visual observation? Under Executive Order 11246, when are federal contractors and subcontractors required to develop a written affirmative action program (AAP)?. ![]() As a prime contractor, am I required to make sure that the vendors and suppliers with whom I am doing business develop a written AAP?.What does OFCCP look for in a contractor’s internal audit and reporting system?.What is the correct procedure for a contractor to obtain the demographic information of its employees and applicants?.Will OFCCP come out to contractors’ facilities and assist them in the development of their AAPs?.Does the government provide or sell publications that explain how to create an Affirmative Action Program?.How should contractors handle counting employees and/or applicants who identify as a gender other than male or female such as Gender X as is recognized in California?.May an employer override an individual’s self-identification of race, gender or ethnicity based on the employer’s visual observation?.Findings suggest that relatively low-cost, feasible strategies involving education and intergenerational contact can serve as the basis of effective interventions to reduce ageism. Ageism has well-established negative effects on the physical and mental health of older people. Additional research using more rigorous designs to examine the effects of interventions is strongly recommended. Interventions are associated with substantial reduction in ageism and should be part of an international strategy to improve perceptions of older people and the aging process. ![]() We found stronger effects for females and for adolescent and young adult groups. Combined interventions with education and intergenerational contact showed the largest effects on attitudes. 33) or working with older adults (d D = -0.09 P =. 001), but no significant effect on anxiety (d D = 0.13 P =. Ageism interventions demonstrated a strongly significant effect on attitudes (differences of standardized mean differences = 0.33 P <. We identified 63 eligible studies (1976-2018) with a total sample of 6124 participants. We carried out meta-analyses with statistical mixed models. Secondary outcomes included comfort with older adults, anxiety about one's own aging, and interest in working in the field of geriatrics or gerontology. Primary outcomes were attitudes toward older people and accuracy of knowledge about aging and older people. They also assessed study quality by using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, and used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) tool to assess quality of outcome evidence. Two independent reviewers extracted study-level data from records using a common data collection spreadsheet. Eligible studies were those that (1) evaluated an intervention designed to reduce ageism, (2) examined at least 1 ageism outcome in relation to older adults, (3) used a design with a comparison group (randomized or nonrandomized), and (4) were published after 1970, when the ageism concept was developed. Two independent reviewers completed the search and screening process. We identified additional records by hand-searching reference lists of relevant review articles as well as records included in the meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, AgeLine, EBSCO, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Global Index Medicus, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Epistemonikos, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Campbell Collaboration, PROSPERO, GreyLit, and OpenGrey. To assess the relative effects of 3 intervention types designed to reduce ageism among youths and adults-education, intergenerational contact, and combined education and intergenerational contact-by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Little is known, however, about the effectiveness of strategies to reduce ageism. Research has found a strong link between ageism, in the form of negative stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination toward older people, and risks to their physical and mental health. ![]()
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